Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence and division among political currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

ABSTRACT Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-structured interviews, a conceptual model has been presented to explain the causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's right to the city. Then, with the structural equation modeling, the causal conditions affecting the right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's right to the city. Causal modeling showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's right to the city of Ahvaz is urban space security, followed by urban policies and designs. By multiplying the causal path, it is 0.84, followed by urban planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable spaces with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's rights in urban spaces Extended abstract Introduction The right to the city is a universal right consisting of several instances. Since the right to the city enables the city inhabitants to access and enjoy the urban life benefits freely, it is tantamount to the right to freedom. The right to the city, the right to freedom of building and rebuilding cities, is one of the most valuable and, at the same time, the most neglected human rights. Among governments, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and political activists in all scales, the right to the city is often conceived in a legal meaning. In this sense, the right to city includes a set of distinct rights to urban resources and services, shelter, public space, clean water, and education that must be available to all, regardless of social or economic status, the bearers of such rights are urban dwellers and their guarantor is the government. This legal conception of the right to the city emphasizes universal and individual rights in the global liberal institutional order. The ultimate normative purpose of a legal right to the city is that the government legally encodes and enforces the set of rights constituting the right to the city. Justice and equality have been considered since long ago; however, injustice and discrimination are still visible in cities. Among all kinds of injustices and discrimination, gender equality has been a subject marginalized in all ages. In Iran, the need for urban spaces for women in accordance with the civil needs of citizens in daily life is felt. In Iran, factors such as various types of urban violence and insecurity, which generally make women victims, have reduced the possibility and desire for their presence and participation in public. Because the spatial, temporal, official and unofficial divisions in the city have caused some spaces to remain far from the reach of women. In this research, we intend to deal with the most important factors that cause women not to enjoy one of their most essential human rights, which is the right to the city.   Methodology This research, which is practical in terms of purpose, has been done with a confirmatory mixed method; first, it tried to present the most important contextual, interventional, and causal factors effective in reducing the right to the city of women in the form of a conceptual model by the approach of grounded theory, and then confirming the defined causal structure with the help of structural equations modeling. The population in this research is Iranian women who are exposed to gender injustice and do not have the right to a desirable city. Research participants have a deep experience of undermining their right to the city and are interested in sharing it and cooperating with the researcher. Sampling was purposefully selected from women with the least amount of the right to the city. The qualitative sample of the research was 32 people, and the quantitative sample was 420 people. Due to the mixed nature of the research and the use of the data-driven theory approach and, afterwards, structural equations to collect the data, the interview was used in the qualitative phase and questionnaires in the quantitative phase. The interviews were done in-depth, face-to-face and semi-structured. The open-ended interview questions were conducted in a calm environment without the presence of a third person, and the time of the interviews varied according to the conditions of the interviewee. The questionnaire used in the research has ascertained an instrument that evaluates the contextual and causal components and factors related to the right to the city in the form of self-declaration items. The data obtained from the interview, after being implemented in the form of text, were analyzed and classified with the help of directed content analysis. In order to investigate the causal structure of the right to the city, structural equation modeling would have been helpful. Analyzes were performed with the help of LISREL 8.8. To estimate the causal path coefficients, the iterated maximum likelihood method was used and the overall fit of the causal structure model of women’s right to the city was carried out by Chi-square statistic. And, of course, the most important fit indexes of the model, such as absolute fit indexes, incremental fit indexes and Parsimonious Normed Fit Indexes (PNFI).   Results and discussion Directed content analysis helped us to identify the factors reducing the right to the city and its subclasses of Iranian women. Conditions affecting women's right to the city are divided into underlying conditions, causal conditions, and intervening conditions. The most critical underlying conditions were family, age, ethnicity, and physical and mental characteristics. At the same time, environment security, urban actions, social welfare, and space gender functions constituted the essential intervening conditions, and politics, governmental institutions, law, and city spatial policies included the most important intervening conditions. Causal modeling also showed that the factors influencing women's right to the city are the most influential to the least influential in the form of (1) security of the city environment, (2) urban policy-making, (3) gender function of space, and (4) interaction with the city. Security is one of the most important and influential factors that can decrease or increase the right to the city for women.   Conclusion The right to the city, which is considered one of the most fundamental rights of citizens, is trampled or reaches its lowest level due to underlying reasons such as the gender of individuals or their families. In this case, women are more vulnerable than the men. In such a way, causal conditions such as environmental security or urban actions and, of course, welfare have made this gender difference in the use of city space deeper and more complicated. Meanwhile, the role of governments and sovereignty in legislation and policies should not be neglected to reduce the right to city for women. Our explicit suggestion is for governmental institutions and executive agencies to pay more attention to women’s right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of more suitable spaces in the city, the design of urban spaces away from any gender discrimination only with the view of equal access for all and the creation of safer places for the women living in Ahvaz.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

The Issue of sport is an important social phenomenon in all advanced societies, its affect have been analyzed from various sciences. And almost all philosophical schools and religions have somehow commented on it. The sacred religion of Islam has also considered sport in general. From the Islamic point of view, in dealing with the path of perfection and closeness, man always deals with three interrelated matters. The individual, the community and the universe, the human being itself is composed of three dimensions: physical, rational and sensual. Parallel cultivation, education and training of all aspects of human existence have always been the focus of Islam s salvation. Therefore, in this study, using causal analysis as a prospective management approach. To break down the different layers that deal with why sports in the religion of Islam are concerned. Design and present different scenarios. In this regard based on the analysis of the lower layers, And considering the uncertainty and importance of the two proponents, “ Sport Development Pattern” and ” Dominant Cultural Orientation” were identified and the scenarios were designed accordingly.

The purpose of this study is to study the future motivation of teachers. In this article, using the causal layer analysis method as a method of futurology to explore different layers to the subject of teachers' job motivation, different scenarios for the future have been considered. The statistical population of this study is high school teachers in District 1 of Rasht in 2020, Using purposive and theoretical sampling method, 11 of them were selected as the sample Judgmentally or purposefully. The data collection technique is semi-focused interview. In this regard, based on the analysis of the lower layers and due to the degree of uncertainty and importance, two social and economic drivers were identified and based on them, the desired scenarios were designed. In the findings of this study, four scenarios have been identified that job is a problem for cultural workers.

The research aims to understand the factors influencing the fluctuating relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the influential Shiite Sadr movement in Iraq. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal layers of fluctuations in relations from 2003 to 2022 and to examine the future scenarios of the relationship between the parties. Also, one of the subsidiary goals of this article is to fill the research gap in this field. The method discussed in this article is the "layered analysis of causes" or the " layered causal" method by Soheil Enayatollah. Information was collected through library research, documents, and interviews with experts and analysts in Iraq. Based on the findings of the research, the main challenges and divisions of the Sadr-Iran movement include the historical background of the Arab-Ajam conflict in Iraq, the Pan-Arabic tendencies of the Sadr movement, Iran's support for Muqtada al-Sadr's rivals in Iraq's political arena, and divisions among Jaish al-Mahdi commanders. One of the destructive effects of some Arab countries in the region is their negative impact on neighboring countries and beyond. According to the findings of this study, the intensification and emphasis of the Sadr on the Pan-Arabic discourse and Arab nationalism, the emphasis on the Shiite-Arab authority over the Persian authority in Iraq, as well as the continued public support of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the political rivals of this process in the complex field. Iraq's political turmoil may result in a deterioration of relations between Iran and Sadr. On the contrary, with Sadr and Iran's focus on convergent issues such as shared history, shared fate, numerous religious commonalities, and the mediation of the Islamic Republic of Iran to resolve differences between Iraqi Shiite parties and groups, the Sadr movement will certainly be effective in enhancing and strengthening relations.

The primary objective of this study was to examine how master's students perceive and think about pursuing doctoral studies at the University of Tehran (UT). The study utilized a qualitative case study method, focusing on causal layer analysis. All 22 doctoral candidates in the higher education field at UT were included in the study, using a full-census sampling method for interviews.   By adopting a future studies approach based on causal layer analysis, an examination was carried out to analyze the mental constructs of university students. This approach has four levels: litany, social causes, discourse/worldview, and myth/metaphor. From the analysis of university students' perceptions, four different scenarios were identified: self-development, a strong affinity for UT, utilitarian perspectives, and feelings of disappointment and academic decline. These scenarios were then reassessed using the four levels of causal layer analysis. The study's results illuminate the significant variety and differences in the mental frameworks of university students regarding their future academic goals. Consequently, understanding these mental frameworks is valuable for policymakers in higher education, university administrators, and families who play a role in influencing students' academic decision.

Iranian art has been renowned worldwide for centuries for various reasons, including representing national identity, creativity, technology, and innovation. Even though Copying works of art for purposes such as education, reproduction, and conservation has existed in Iranian art since ancient times, it can be divided into two categories based on the artist's intention - justified and unethical. Today, one of the prominent and important issues in graphic design art in Iran is the phenomenon of imitation and copying from Western works. Based on the importance of the subject, the authors decided to focus on the produced works in this field and eventually, through future planning, mitigate the undesirable effects of this phenomenon on graphic design in Iran and its impact on the cultural and artistic realm. Therefore, a deep and comprehensive study of this phenomenon and its reasons in contemporary graphic design in Iran seems necessary. The main objective of this research is to explain the reasons for imitation in Iranian graphic design.  Regarding previous studies, it should be noted that so far, no independent research has been conducted on this topic using the approach utilized in this article. The theoretical framework of this research is the “Layered Analysis of Causes” which was founded in the 90s by an Australian, Sohail Enayatullah. He is a futurist and researcher who examines the problems from four levels 1) Litani, 2) social, economic, and cultural causes 3)Worldview and discourse 4)Myth, metaphor, ancient patterns, and proverbs. The research methodology is qualitative and descriptive-analytical. Considering the significance of this topic, it becomes necessary to conduct a deep and comprehensive study on the reasons behind imitation in Iranian graphic design. it should be noted that None of the previous similar studies have approached this topic using the methodology employed in this research. The content is gathered through field research, library resources, and online sources. Interviews were also conducted to gather opinions from graphic art experts. The data collection tools used in this research include articles, books, and interviews. The geographical scope of the research is Iran. In terms of time, it covers the contemporary era (After the establishment of the graphic design field at Tehran University and the production of works by artists). The exemplary community for this research is some imitative and copied works in different subfields of  Iranian graphic design. the factors introduced in the first layer are unlimited access to internet image resources, lack of creative power, innovation, and idea generation in designers, lack of executive guarantee to prevent the act of artistic forgery, and the growth of non-professional digital design centers compared to specialized design centers. In the second layer, in the economic section, cases such as accepting the order of copy due to financial needs by designers, copy due to fast production, use of inexperienced and cheap labor, following the taste of the market or the customer, the use of successful foreign designs to guarantee sales and Lack of international communication due to economic restrictions are the reasons for the existence of counterfeiting. Also, the cultural reasons show that factors such as the normalization of copying in supply and demand, the tendency to produce works individually, and negligence in the registration of Logos were recognized. The educational reasons are unprincipled acceptance of university students, the incomplete cycle of university training, quantitative growth of the field of graphic design in universities, and lack of attention to qualitative growth as well as lack of culture to prohibit and condemn the art plagiarism. Iran's non-membership in the "Copyright" treaty is the legal cause. The artistic reasons are the lack of appropriate action by art institutions against art plagiarism and the lack of employment of art experts in the ordering centers. In the third layer, two discourses of Westernism and conservatism were identified, and in the fourth layer, some Iranian proverbs can be considered as motivating factors in the emergence of this phenomenon. Finally, it realized that the first and second layers have the most participation and application in creating problems and the third layer is challenging and analytical. The discussion shows how factors in different layers contribute to copying. The reasons in the first layer sets the stage for laziness and lack of creativity. besides, the second layer categorizes structural reasons into various groups, with economic factors having the most significant role in encouraging copying for more financial gain. The third layer reveals that copying is rooted in Western beliefs and Conservatism among most Iranians. Additionally, Iranian proverbs can further reinforce the tendency for imitation by influencing individuals' subconscious. In short, we can say that to solve the problem, we need important reforms and structural changes by the authorities in the fields of culture, law, art, education, and especially the economy and finally, a way must be found to be able to join the World Copyright Treaty.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Ethylen glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA) and EDTA for their smear layer removal capability using scanning electron microscopy technique.Material and Methods: A group of 28 single rooted teeth were instrumented to size 60 master file. Four teeth were also kept as control while the remaining teeth were divided into two groups. Group A: in which 12teeth were irrigated with 10 ml of 17% EGTA for 2 minutes? Group B: consisted of 12teeth irrigated with 10 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 minutes. Both groups were then irrigated with 10 ml of 5% Naocl. the control group were just irrigated with 10 ml of 5 % Naocl. All teeth in then the control group were only irrigated with 10 ml of 5% Nacl. Specimeus were then sectioned longitudinally. A scanning electrone microscope was wsed to in vetig ate the intenal surfaces of the canal.Results: EGTA chelated dentin surface more conservatively than EDTA without causing erosion.Conclusion: It seems that EGTA can be used safely to remove smear layer from the canal surfaces.

This research aims to study the future of the academic field of Persian Language Teaching to Non- Persian Speakers on the basis of causal layered analysis model. In this study, 43 participants were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The population of study consists of proficient expert professors of several fields, including linguistics, Persian language and literature, and English language teaching, as well as the graduates of Persian Language Teaching to Non- Persian Speakers.Semi-structured interviews – including six classified questions and informal talks with the participants – were used as tools for gathering research data. The results showed that there are some problems in the current body of this field, i.e. Persian Language Teaching to Non- Persian Speakers, and the relevant curriculum should be reviewed seriously. After scrutinizing the current problems that were introduced by the practicing specialists and educators of this field, the relevant instructional requirements were extracted to form the basis of course planning for such a field. It is hoped that the MA students of this field, after passing the relevant courses will gain the necessary qualifications to respond to the expectations of the beneficiaries; moreover, the practitioners of this field are expected to use the suggestions made to improve the quality of this field.